They are involved in cellular metabolism, formation of skeletal structures, maintenance of colloidal systems, regulation of acid-base equilibrium and other physiological functions. Zinc functions as a cofactor in several enzyme systems and is a component of a number of metalloenzymes required for normal growth, development and function. Selenium acts along with vitamin E to function as a biological antioxidant to protect polyunsaturated phospholipids in cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative damage. Selenium is an essential component of the enzyme family glutathione peroxidase, which protects cells from deleterious effects of peroxides. Molybdenum is a cofactor in xanthine oxidase. Manganese is a cofactor or component in several key enzymes responsible for bone formation, in urea synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glucose oxidation. Iron is one of the primary metals involved in lipid oxidation. ![]() Iron is essential for the production of haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and many other enzyme systems. It has roles in thermoregulation, intermediary metabolism, reproduction, growth and development, hematopoiesis, and circulation and neuromuscular functioning. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones important in regulating the metabolic rate of all body processes. Nengas, Microminerals, Table 1 MicromineralĬhromium is associated with the glucose tolerance factor, an organometallic molecule that potentiates the action of insulin, important in carbohydrate metabolism.Ĭobalt and intestinal bacteria are important in the synthesis of vitamin B 12.Ĭopper participates in hematopoiesis, in copper dependent metalloenzymes responsible for oxidation reduction and in the absorption and metabolism of iron. These microminerals, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc, are required in small quantities and participate in a wide variety of biochemical processes (Table 1). ![]() The roles of microminerals or trace elements in basic metabolic functions, with the exception of osmoregulation, are the same for aquatic and terrestrial animals. Organic trace elements more effective than inorganic forms Microcotyle increases mortality and reduces commercial value.
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